IONTOSORB - Bead Cellulose Derivatives
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Survey of Bead Cellulose and derivatives Iontosorb Applications

In this Web-page and related pages abstracts to refereed articles are given. All here given articles and papers can be ordered, in case of serious interest, at their authors as separates (e-mail addresses of most meaningful specialists in the topic bead cellulose). If some articles were already not available, one copy of all here given articles is present at the firm IONTOSORB.

Reviews

• BEAD CELLULOSE AND ITS USE IN BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 
• Gemeiner P., Benes M.J., Stamberg J.:  Chem. Papers,  43 (1989) 805-848
  In the present review numerous examples of use of bead cellulose in biochemistry and biotechnology have been analyzed in order to verify the assumption that the new form of the regenerated cellulose will surpass the traditional form and will be capable to substitute other current carriers. Bead cellulose have found application mainly in methods and processes utilizing solid-phase techniques, mostly liquid chromatographies and immobilized biosystems (heterogeneous biocatalysis). While the solid-phase methods are well elaborated and represent the dominant part of the material, the shortage of data on solid-phase bioprocesses utilizing bead celluloses is obvious. At the same time, many data on typical properties of bead celluloses (spherical sphare, size of particles and pores as well as their distribution, porosity, hydrophilicity, chemical reactivity, absorptivity, chemical stability, thermal resistance, mechanical strength, and also availability and price), necessary for bioprocess engineering, are available in the literature.
  The aim of this review was, beside actualization of the knowledge about bead cellulose, to draw attention to less-elaborated fieleds, e.g. engineering of solid-phase bioprocesses utilizing bead cellulose. This may then help in evaluation of bead cellulose as a material with manifold applicability by methods corresponding to the up-to-date level of knowledge in biochemistry and biotechnology.

This review contains the following chapters:
1.          Introduction
2.          Bead cellulose
2.1        Methods of preparation
2.2        Structure and properties
3.          General applications
3.1        Applications in biochemistry and biotechnology
3.2        Functionalization of bead cellulose
3.3        Column packing materials, adsorbents, chromatographic separations
3.3.1     Size-exclusion chromatography
3.3.2     Ion-exchange chromatography
3.3.3     Chemisorbents, covalent affinity chromatography
3.3.4     Hydrophobic adsorbents, hydrophobic chromatography
3.3.5     Affinity adsorbents, bioaffinity chromatography
3.4        Heterogeneous  biocatalysis
3.4.1     Immobilized enzymes and cells
4.          Conclusion
5.          References

• BEAD CELLULOSE
• Stamberg J.:  Separation and Purification Methods,  17 (1988) 155-183
  A new polymeric structure has been developed which fills a blank in available hydrophilic supports for separation processes.
  Bead cellulose is a pure regenerated cellulose which is prepared by a modified viscose procedure. It is characterized by a regular spherical shape of individual particles, controlled porosity, accessibility for high molecular weight substances, high deformation stability and adequate chemical reactivity.
  Diverse uses of this new material are desribed, viz., physical supports, chromatographic materials, dried preparations and various derivatives with different functions like ion exchangers, metal chelating adsorbents, chemisorbents, affinity adsorbents, immobilized enzymes. Bead cellulose can also be coupled with various active substances giving composite systems.

This review contains the following chapters:
1.        Introduction
2.        Preparation
3.        Properties
3.1      Chemical composition
3.2      Particle geometry and size
3.3      Porous structure
4.        Applications
4.1      Physically active supports
4.2      Column packings
4.3      Dried preparations
4.4      Mechanical stability
4.5      Beaded ion-exchange celluloses
4.6      Sorbents of heavy metals
4.7      Chemisorbents
4.8      Affinity sorbents
4.9      Covalently immobilized enzymes
4.10    Composites
5.        Conclusions
6.        References

• USE OF BEAD CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES TO ISOLATION OF BACTERIAL ALKALINE PROTEINASE BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY    (Iontosorb CM, Iontosorb DEAE)
• Gemeiner P., Spanik V., Snajdrova A., Stratilova E., Horvathova M., Hagarova D., Markovic O.: Folia Microbiol.,  36 (1991)
  Crude preparation of bacterial proteinase was purified by liquid chromatography. Combinations of individual ion-exchange chromatography methods and ion-exchange, hydrophobic and dye-ligand affinity chromatography, respectively, were used. The adsorbents were in all cases bead cellulose derivatives (Perlosa), either commercially available (Iontosorb DEAE IEC, Iontosorb CM) or prepared in the laboratory. Increase in column size resulted in a better separation efficiency of Iontosorb DEAE, i.e. step used in both separation protocols. The preparation of alkaline proteinase purified exclusively by this IEC (ion exchange chromatography) method was highly active and comprised only trace amount of other proteins. This was proved by size-exclusion chromatography using the FPLC and HPLC mode. The relative molar mass of the enzyme (29.7 kDa) determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and its isoelectric point (pI 8.3) assayed by isoelectric focusing are at limit values typical for bacterial alkaline proteinases (30 kDa, pI about 9). The pH optimum of about 10.5 is typical for alkaline proteinase activity.